Context of Incremental and Radical Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Context of Incremental and Radical Innovation. Answer: Introduction The report helps in analysis of the different type of strategies that have been applied in the business canvas model of Ford Company. The description of the business canvas model of Ford Motor Company will help in understanding the critical success factors of the business. The key relationships between the nine building blocks of the BMC has to be described as this will help in analysing the factors that are required in the business. The main aim and purpose of the report is to identify the relationships in the nine building blocks as this helps in understanding the different kind of issues faced by the organization. The identification of critical success factors is essential in nature as this will help in understanding the contribution to downside risk. The structure of the report includes the analysis of the BMC nine building blocks as this will help in understanding the business as to achieve the sustainable success advantage in the business in an effectual manner. Proper innovative strategies have to be adopted by the company as this will help them in solving the different kind of issues in an effectual manner. Overview of Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is the American multinational auto maker that is headquartered in Dearborn in the suburb of Detroit. The company was founded in the year 1903 in the month of June. Ford introduced different kind of methods of large scale manufacturing of the different cars with the help of engineered sequences of manufacturing and they manufactured different kind of vehicles along with provided service of vehicle leasing and licensing. There are more than 201,000 employees who are employed in the respective company and they have earned a revenue of more than US$151.8 billion ("Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com", 2018). There are different kind of products and services that are offered by Ford Motor Company wherein it includes the Automobiles luxury vehicles commercial automotive parts to their target customers. The company is gaining huge amount of success by providing automotive vehicle leasing service to the customers wherein the customers are gaining huge profit in the entire market. The revenue that is earned by the company is about US$151.8 billion (2016) and this has helped the company in gaining huge profit and competitive advantage as well (Joyce Paquin, 2016). Management Team of Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company was founded by Henry ford wherein he has developed different kind of commercial vehicles and automobiles that has helped the company in gaining competitive advantage in the market. The owner of the company has started with different UK subsidiaries wherein it included the Land rover and Jaguar brands and this has helped the company in gaining competitive advantage in the entire competitive market. There is executive chairman along with president and CEO of the company wherein this has helped the company in gaining and attracting more customers effectively (Klang, Wallnfer Hacklin 2014). Key Partner Distributors Gas Companies Different Universities Distributors Dealers Key Activities Proper development and manufacturing along with sale of different kind of engines Equipping the different vehicles with engines that includes- Financial kind of services Automotive Different Motorcycles Value Proposition Premium kind of services Social as well as ecological sustainability along the entire supply chain Long-term actions that is responsible in nature High standards that include proper quality and technology usage Customer Relationships Proper and strong bond among the different customers Aftersales proper relationship with the different customers Focus is mainly on the different target customers Customer Segments Private kind of individuals both in middle and upper income class members Car sharing and rental car companies Company owned cars Key Resources Workforce Knowledge Raw materials Channels Direct kind of sales Drive Now Dealers Cost Structure Focus more on the innovation Manufacturing the different cost of plants that is the largest overhead of Ford Batteries are the most significant part of the car cost Revenue Streams Agreements of licensing with different kind of designs Proper value added through the selling of the cars that is manufactured in nature along with different kind of selling services Method of fixed pricing that is based on different features and it is based on customer segment along with values Relationships between Nine Building Blocks of BMC Proper kind of specific relationship is essential in nature in BMC wherein it will help the respective company in gaining competitive advantage. Ford Company needs to understand the relationship with the nine building blocks as this will help in understanding the importance of all the particulars in an appropriate manner. The cost and revenue streams are essential in nature wherein this helped the company in providing the customers valued services in an effectual manner. Proper focus on the innovation is essential in nature wherein this will help them in analysing the key partners who are essential in providing them the competitive advantage in the market (Dijkman et al., 2015). Furthermore, it has been seen that the key channels are essential in nature wherein this will help in making different agreements in the company in an effectual manner. the key resources are essential in nature as this will provide the customers a proper and accurate value proposition to the customers in an effective manner (Souto, 2015). The distribution channel is essential in nature in the organization as this will help the company in arranging the different resources effectively. The target customers are essential in nature wherein it will help the customers in commenting more on the different kind of values that is offered to the customers effectively (Foss Saebi, 2017). Critical Success Factors in Ford Motor Company There are different kind of critical success factors that will help the Motor Ford Company in gaining competitive advantage in an effectual manner. The respective company has to understand and identify the different kind of success factors that will help them in gaining success in the future that are as follows: A good and proper brand image of the company is one of the critical success factors wherein this helps in the process of decision making in the buying of cars. Proper brand image will help the company in understanding the factors in making the business successful (Aversa et al., 2015) Proper and efficient channel of distribution is essential in nature for the respective company wherein the supply and value chain analysis has been done in an accurate manner. Proper distribution network is essential in organization to provide the company with proper rules and regulations in an effectual manner (Bocken et al., 2014) Proper planning of cost is the other critical success factor of Ford Motor Company wherein they have high margin of profit and this will help the company in gaining huge amount of revenues in the market (Schaltegger, Hansen Ldeke-Freund 2016) Contribution to downside risk There are different kind of risks that can affect the performance of the Ford Motor Company that are as follows: There can be issues relating to the regulation of the value chain management wherein the company can face huge decision crisis and this is causing huge trouble for the decision makers of the automobile company (Sinkovics, Sinkovics Yamin, 2014) The demand for the customers is changing and the preferences of the customers are one of the huge issues in the organization. The difficulty will cause huge issues in the car company and this can lead to shift in the demand curve of Ford Motor Company However, there are different processes of mitigating the risks in an effectual manner wherein the company needs to plan flexible process that will provide the employees the scope of understanding the different issues and solve them in an effectual manner. Proper and planned flexibility is essential in nature as this will help the company tom meet the demands of the customers effectively (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). There can be different kind of changes that is required in Ford Motor Company that could have been implemented by me if the entire business was mine. I would have implemented flexible supply chain management is essential in nature wherein this will help the company in solving the supply chain issues and this will help the company in understanding issues and solve them effectively. I would have implemented the skills such as proper communication and implementation of the value chain analysis that will help in understanding such issues effectively. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that proper BMC has been prepared by the respective Ford Motor Company wherein the different kind of issues has been reduced. The different kind of critical success factors has been analysed that has helped the company in understanding the changes that is required to be done in the organization for gaining competitive advantage in the entire competitive market. Proper relationship between the nine building blocks of the BMC of Ford Motor Company has been done as that has helped the company in solving such issues and this has helped in understanding the scopes that can be adopted by them as to increase the sales and revenues of the business effectively. References Aversa, P., Haefliger, S., Rossi, A., Baden-Fuller, C. (2015). From business model to business modelling: Modularity and manipulation. InBusiness models and modelling(pp. 151-185). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bocken, N. M., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Dijkman, R. M., Sprenkels, B., Peeters, T., Janssen, A. (2015). Business models for the Internet of Things.International Journal of Information Management,35(6), 672-678. Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com. (2018). Ford.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.ford.com/ Foss, N. J., Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: how far have we come, and where should we go?. Journal of Management,43(1), 200-227. Joyce, A., Paquin, R. L. (2016). The triple layered business model canvas: A tool to design more sustainable business models.Journal of Cleaner Production,135, 1474-1486. Klang, D., Wallnfer, M., Hacklin, F. (2014). The business model paradox: A systematic review and exploration of antecedents.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(4), 454-478. Schaltegger, S., Hansen, E. G., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2016). Business models for sustainability: Origins, present research, and future avenues. Sinkovics, N., Sinkovics, R. R., Yamin, M. (2014). The role of social value creation in business model formulation at the bottom of the pyramidimplications for MNEs?.International Business Review,23(4), 692-707. Souto, J. E. (2015). Business model innovation and business concept innovation as the context of incremental innovation and radical innovation.Tourism Management,51, 142-155.

The Effects of Technology on Humankind A Claim of Value

In the XXI century, technology seems to have integrated into people’s everyday life. People use various devices for work, leisure and communication purposes. The latter, however, raises a number of concerns. Seeing how the recent technological advances, especially the creation of social network, has reduced the number of real-life interactions, the threat of technology getting in the way of people’s communication skills development has become an issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Technology on Humankind: A Claim of Value specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is wrong to assume that technology has a solely negative impact on people’s communication skills. Despite some of its effects are admittedly bad, with people losing their skill of live communication, modern technology, such as social network, allows for more options in communicating process, helping people transcend the p hysical boundaries between them and engage in real-time communication. One of the key arguments that depict technology in general and social networking in particular in an unfavorable light when it comes to communication skills development is that technology does not allow for non-verbal communication. In a way, the given argument can be considered legitimate, since most social networks do not involve the visualization of the participants of the conversation in any way. However, it is worth keeping in mind that a number of programs also used for online communication create the premises for non-verbal communication as well via a webcam. Since most arguments concerning the flaws of online communication boil down to the lack of non-verbal elements, and have, in fact, been proven wrong, it will be most reasonable to check the advantages that technologies provide for the communication process. To start with, technologies do not simply help the people who are not currently in the vicinity get in touch, but also contribute to the evolution of economics, education and culture by helping people working in the aforementioned spheres cooperate and, thus, create something impressive. For instance, with the help of technologies, including social network and devices that help communicate more efficiently, several people are able to coordinate an important experiment, therefore, analyzing their progress in a more efficient manner.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another doubtless effect that technology has on communication concerns the fact that, with the assistance of various devices, one can possibly transcend the boundaries between different cultures, starting with language barriers and up to more efficient learning of the specifics of another culture, including non-verbal communication, basic concepts, etc. What takes years to learn without specific devices, e.g., la nguage, traditions, key concepts, etc., can be learned within months or even weeks with the help of a corresponding interactive program and virtual communication with native speakers. Despite the fact that at present, it is widely believed that the recent technological innovations, such as social networks and programs for communication, such as Skype, as well as numerous MMO RPGs, which are, in fact, a form of escapism, pose a threat to people’s communication skills, in many respects, technologies improve communication. While such simulators of real life communication as MMO RPGs or social networking do engulf people into a specific realm where they can enjoy conversations without actually having to care much about their vis-Ã  -vis emotions, feelings or non-verbal messages, they still allow for more options in communication. Therefore, though relying solely on technologies as the means to engage into everyday conversations can hardly seem appropriate, technological advances as additional options for improving the quality of distanced conversation still must be appreciated and developed even further. This essay on The Effects of Technology on Humankind: A Claim of Value was written and submitted by user Dixie Davis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Advances in Medicine essays

Advances in Medicine essays As the history of medicine has evolved, a number of trends and prevailing opinions have swept the profession. One of the most subtle, and yet most revealing results of these sweeping trends manifests itself by altering the tone in medical conversations and dialogues, often available to the non-medical person in the form of texts and literature. A relatively current example appears in the form of Perri Klass A Not Entirely Benign Procedure, a text dedicated to the experiences of the author at Harvard Medical School. Published in 1987, Klass work offers an interesting, if not shocking comparison to Philippe Pinels The Clinical Training of Doctors, an article published in 1783. It seems that, despite the obvious advancements and progress in medical technology and general care, the modern Klass presents less certainty about the profession and its abilities than does the eighteenth century article. In Pinels article, however, a distinct tone of holistic healing pervades the proposed train ing of physicians-the lack of which Klass bemoans in her work. The contrast between the two works affords the reader a view into two parallel transitions in medicine: the decline of certainty and the decline of holistic care. One of the most shocking aspects of Pinels article involves the specificity in patient setting and observation he demands. From precise measurements of the weather to room orientations, Pinel seems to imply that precision in observation and care-giving will lead to precise diagnoses and eventual cures: It is obvious that medical observations can be precise and conclusive only if the evidence is reduced to the smallest possible number of facts and to the plainest data. The outline for the training of physicians Pinel proposes attempts to create an environment that allows the kind of precision that will lead to conclusive outcomes in patient care. Pinels demands range from the...

Definition and Examples of Non Sequiturs

Definition and Examples of Non Sequiturs Definition A non sequitur is a  fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it. Also known as  irrelevant reason and fallacy of the consequent. As illustrated below, non sequiturs are the products of many different kinds of errors in reasoning, including begging the question, false dilemma, ad hominem, the appeal to ignorance, and the straw man argument. Indeed, as  Steve Hindes observes in Think for Yourself  (2005), A  non sequitur  is any pretended jump in  logic  that doesnt work cleanly, perhaps because of unfounded  premises, unmentioned complicating factors, or alternative explanations, such as This war is righteous because we are French! or You will do what I say because you are my wife! The Latin expression non sequitur means it does not follow. Pronunciation: non SEK-wi-terr Examples and Observations We realize that it would be in the best interest of the community and our children to address the issue expeditiously. In order to make this happen, I respectfully request an eight-month payment delay calling for payment of the $10 million obligation on August 31, 2015.(Savannah City Manager Stephanie Cutter in a letter to the citys superintendent of schools; reported in the Savannah Morning News, April 3, 2014)Warming was caused by sunspots, or fluctuations in the Earths orbit, or volcanic eruptions. Therefore it cannot be caused by mankind. The therefore is the giveaway, the delicious non sequitur: just because Earth has warmed for one or another reason in the past is no reason why it cannot warm for a completely different reason in the future.(John Llewellyn, In a Confusing Climate. The Observer, September 2, 2007)A Philosophers Non SequiturImmanuel Kant, considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of the modern period, would manage to let slip what is surely the greatest no n-sequitur in the history of philosophy: describing a report of something seemingly intelligent that had once been said by an African, Kant dismisses it on the grounds that this fellow was quite black from head to toe, a clear proof that what he said was stupid.(Justin E.H. Smith, The Enlightenments Race Problem, and Ours. The New York Times, February 10, 2013) Obvious Non SequitursNon sequiturs are most obvious when absurd. For instance, from the facts that most cats like milk and some cats have tails I could not derive the conclusion that David Hume was the greatest British philosopher. That would be a complete non sequitur that borders on the surreal, whether or not its conclusion is true. Non sequiturs are often advertised by the spurious use of so and therefore..., but the context of a statement can also suggest that it is a conclusion derived from what has gone before even when there is no such word used to indicate it.Any formal fallacy will have a non sequitur as its conclusion, though most of these non sequiturs will be less obvious than the one above.(Nigel Warburton, Thinking from A to Z. Routledge, 1996)Non Sequiturs in NewspapersNon sequiturs are most often encountered in newspapers, where constructions such as the following are common: Slim, of medium height, and with sharp features, Mr. Smiths technical skills are combined wi th strong leadership qualities (New York Times). What, we might ask, do Mr. Smiths height and features have to do with his leadership qualities?†(Bill Bryson, Brysons Dictionary of Troublesome Words: A Writers Guide to Getting It Right. Anchor, 2002) The Post Hoc and the Non SequiturThe difference between the post hoc and the non sequitur fallacies is that, whereas the post hoc fallacy is due to lack of a causal connection, in the non sequitur fallacy, the error is due to lack of a logical connection.(Mabel Lewis Sahakian, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. Barnes Noble, 1993)On the Lighter Side: Ralph Wiggums Non SequitursRalph Wiggum: Um, Miss Hoover? Theres a dog in the vent.Miss Hoover: Ralph, remember the time you said Snagglepuss was outside?Ralph Wiggum: He was going to the bathroom.(Sweet Seymour Skinners Baadasssss Song, The Simpsons)Ralph Wiggum: Martin Luther King had a dream. Dreams are where Elmo and Toy Story had a party and I was invited. Yay! My turn is over!Principal Skinner: One of your best, Ralphie.(The Color Yellow, The Simpsons, 2010)

Data Analyses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data Analyses - Research Paper Example Almost 95 % a vast majority turned out to be as a full time student with only 5 % studying as part time students. When question was asked regarding their drinking habit on campus 48 respondents out of 58 said that they don’t drink on campus however 9 respondents said they rarely drink on campus where as only 1 respondent said that he/she drink occasionally. When respondents were asked regarding bar on campus and how would it affect the school’s social atmosphere and help in reducing the stress amongst students? The answers were of split nature few endorsing it few going against it and few chose air of finality or stayed neutral. The facts and figures regarding this question are, 17 respondents strongly opposing the idea of campus on bar on the other hand 11 respondents were strongly supporting this idea. Furthermore 6 respondents believe that its impacts would not turn out to be fruitful so they opposed it by demonstrating and marking no in questionnaire however 20.7 % (12 respondents) were unsure so they remained neutral. The final 12 respondents out of 58 were confident that bar on campus will help students to reduce stress and there is no harm in it. 16 students out of 58 were confident about allowing 2 drinks per day which also makes them majority, however 15 respondents believe that only one drink should be allowed per day, 11 respondents have different ideas they believe that this intake should be raise up to 3 drinks per day while 13 respondents were against all restriction claiming that there should be no limit on drinking per day for students. There were quite a few alternatives that come across while performing research. The first and foremost was that the school should focus on promoting sports and other extracurricular activities rather than opening bar on campus as this will shift students focus towards other things, another alternative was regarding

Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation and Change - Essay Example It is therefore very important that knowledge on these important areas is effectively imparted on the people working for organizations and beyond. As such, this module has been a great source of very relevant knowledge and information on some of the contemporary issues that characterize innovation practices across the world. As realized in the readings, the essence of innovation is basically to provide efficient means and ways through which operations in the organization can be bettered. In the same way, innovation is normally geared towards increasing the productivity of the organization through improved production methods and efficiency. It was learnt that a very important aspect in the innovation process involves sourcing for the innovative ideas. In this regard, organizations are encouraged to develop a culture of innovation within the organization through inculcating the imperatives of innovation on the minds of the employees (Cooper & Edgett, 2010). Indeed, employees are the gr eatest assets any organization can effectively use to improve its innovation processes. It was realized that some of the greatest organizations like FedEx and Apple have successfully managed to become market leaders in their respective areas of operation courtesy of innovation. These organizations realized the importance of innovation from an early age and thereby developed very elaborate innovation infrastructure within them. As such, a culture of innovation is very essential in creating the positive change that is much important in the present competitive business environment. However, in addressing the sources of innovation in the organization, it becomes important to realize that some of the assumptions in the module might not always reflect the real picture on the ground. Creating an innovative culture within a particular organization is not really an easy undertaking. In order to create a culture of innovation within an organization, a lot of time is actually needed coupled wi th sufficient financial resources to invest in the innovation process. In any case, the realization of these needs is normally high for most organizations. It therefore implies that smaller organizations might find it much difficult to compete against much bigger organizations which can effectively funds their innovation processes. Without doubt, the success of any innovation process depends upon the proper implementation of the innovation strategy for the organization. The module also highlighted the concept of open innovation and how it can benefit organizations aspiring to benefit from innovation processes. Open innovation is normally the practice whereby organizations are encouraged to go beyond their borders and seek ideas for innovation from other organizations. Indeed, the imperatives of open innovation cannot be overemphasized. The process is very critical as a great source of ideas for organizations operating in very competitive environments. Knowledge never exists in isola tion. The growth of innovative knowledge therefore depends upon that sharing and developing of other innovative ideas from outside the organization. However, despite the seemingly important role of open innovation as captured in the module, it is realized that some organizations have always failed in their innovation processes through the aspect of open innovatio

Arguments For and Against Open Borders

Arguments For and Against Open Borders To what extent do states have the right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders? This question is concerned with the relationship between states and their members. In debates on immigration, there are usually two positions. One view is the movement of people between states should be completely free thus borders should be open. The other view is that states have a right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders. On the face of it, the right to exclude looks morally contestable as it involves substantial state force. For instance, criminalising individuals for unauthorised border crossings and it involves forcibly preventing people from getting things that they might desperately need like a better life for them and their family. As these factors are usually considered to be morally wrong, then can such a right to exclude be morally justified. Within this essay, I will exhibit both positions from the perspectives of Joseph Carens and David Miller. I will argue that states do not have a right to exclude. Firstly, I will demonstrate the argument from Joseph Carens for open borders thus disagreeing with the statement that states have a right to exclude. Advocates for open borders are not arguing for wholly elimination of borders but rather for changes in how those affected might move across them and in how they are understood. Carens claims that there is no right for states to unilaterally control their own borders as he believes that â€Å"borders should generally be open and people should normally be free to leave their country of origin and settle in another† (Carens, 2013,225) He contends that states’ rights to exclude outsiders from settling in their borders are incompatible with our basic values and commitments. One being freedom. Immigration restrictions are a serious infringement on freedom, especially on freedom of movement. This freedom both good in itself as it is an expression of autonomy and it is also instrumentally valuable as it enables individuals to improve their prospects if they have the ability to move to a more advantageous location. The other being fundamental moral equality. Immigration restrictions enforce huge inequalities of opportunity. Freedom of movement is essential for equality of opportunity and this explains our intuition about the wrongness of feudalism. Carens provides an analogy where he compares contemporary states’ practice of border control to medieval feudal societies. He is claiming that being born in a rich state for example, Europe and North America is like being born into medieval nobility and to be born in a poor country is like being born into peasantry. This is applicable to now with the deductions that your place of birth determines your initial prospects and that states prevent you from trying to improve your situation by moving to another country. The â€Å"modern practice of state control over borders tie people to the land of their birth almost as effectively (as feudal practice)† (Carens,2013,226) Carens believes that since we endorse freedom of movement with society, we should endorse it with respect to outsiders too. Following this, freedom of international movement should be considered as a basic human right. Caren’s also provides another argument which is the idea that if you are committed to uncontroversial human rights you should be committed to there being a human right to cross borders. For instance, an uncontroversial right would be the right to freedom of movement within one’s own country. As Carens puts it â€Å"if it is so important for people to have the right to move freely within a state. Isn’t it equally important for them to have the right to move across state borders† also â€Å"every reason why one might want to move within a state may also be a reason for moving between states† (Carens,2013,239) for example love, job, religion, cultural opportunities. This is stating that every reason in which an individual might have for moving within a country can also be applicable to move across state borders. Although Carens does believe that these arguments provide a strong case for states to have open borders, nonetheless he does acknowledge that some immigration restrictions can be justified. He claims that we cannot justify them by appealing to a state’s right to decide but there could be other justifications that appeal to other considerations that are compatible with viewing all individuals as having equal moral worth. For instance, extreme overcrowding or serious security threats. From this I will now look at the perspective that states do have a right to exclude. In contrast, David Miller objects to Carens position. He argues from a restrictive perspective and contends that states do have a right to exclude. Miller’s main claim is that there could be ‘cases in which nation states could be justified in imposing restrictive immigration policies’ (Miller,2014,363) Miller provides objections to Caren’s argument for the case of open borders. One is on the argument from a human right to internal freedom of movement. He questions actually how much movement is required by this right â€Å"What is less clear†¦is the physical extent of the right, in the sense of how much of the earth’s surface I must be able to move to in order to say that I enjoy it† (Miller,2014,365) He argues that Carens is not clear about the physical extent of the right for instance how much of the earth’s surface can we move in order to enjoy the right? Miller points out that the internal right to movement is actually subject to lots of restrictions that seem acceptable for example parking regulations, private property etc. His view is that the right to movement protects an adequate range of options not a maximal range of options. He provides a distinction between basic freedoms and bare freedoms. Basic freedoms are those necessary for a minimally decent life and bare freedoms are those not necessarily for a minimally decent life. Carens suggests that the right to freedom of movement is a basic freedom. Whereas Miller counters this to argue that as long as your state gives you an adequate range of free movement, your human right is satisfied and you do not have a general claim to immigrate to another state of your choice thus a bare freedom. Miller also provides a positive case for the right to exclude. According to Miller’s view, individuals don’t have a general right to immigrate. One reason for this is to preserve culture. He believes that states have a legitimate interest in preserving the political culture and or controlling how that culture changes over time for instance the role of language in maintaining a public culture for example if a lot of English people move to Thailand how would that affect the native language. Another reason is that the role of immigration restrictions plays an important role in curbing the population growth both globally and nationally as immigration can cause all sorts of problems. For instance, the natural environment can be jeopardised by overcrowding, also increase in climate change and resource consumption. On the other hand, what about cases of refugees fleeing persecution or starvation? Miller is targeting general claims about right to immigrate, he does acknowledge that there are more extreme cases of immigration. He contends that they do potentially have a right to enter another state due to their basic freedoms and interests are not being met by their state. However, this is not a general right to immigrate to any state of your choice, you only a right that some state let you enter rather it is a remedial right. It only exists if people are acting wrongly so for Miller, in a just world people would not have it. However, what about people who don’t even have the minimum, do they not have the right to immigrate? Miller would respond to this by agreeing they do have a right but it depends. Wealthy states are either obliged to either allow such persons to immigrate or aid them in their home country. Millers argues that it is more preferable to aid people in their home country. As immigration is unlikely to help the very worst off due to them not being able to afford to move and it might actually harm them. This is what he calls the brain drain problem which is where people with desired skills sets in a less well-off country getting paid more in the new country they immigrated to but leaving people behind who don’t have the skills left so are deprived. In conclusion, I have exhibited two perspectives to the question as to whether states have the right to exclude foreigners from settling within their borders. Joseph Carens who argues that states do not have a right exclude and instead argues for open borders. In contrast David Miller argues from a restrictive perspective arguing that to a certain extent they do have a right to exclude. Following this, I have come to the conclusion that states do not have a right to exclude thus agreeing with Caren’s perspective that immigration restrictions infringe our human right of freedom. Bibliography: Carens J (2013) ‘The Ethics of Immigration’ Chapter 11 – The case for open borders pgs 225-239 Miller D (2014) ‘Immigration: The Case for Limits’ in Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, (2nd ed.), pp. 363-376